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基于語篇的英文寫作方法

來源:用戶上傳      作者: 顧立芬

  摘要: 從傳統的角度看,語言最重要的、最基本的東西是語法。從功能的角度看,首先是語篇,其次才是語法。英文寫作就是把語法和語篇有機地結合起來,利用語篇的特征,使用語法手段來表達作者的思想,從而達到有效的交際目的。
  關鍵詞: 語篇語法寫作方法
  
  語篇通常指一系列連續的話段或句子構成的語言整體,句子之間有一定的邏輯關系,具有結構上的組織性和語義上的統一性。它既包括“話語”,又包括“篇章”;它既可以是一個獨詞句,如welcom,又可以是一個小句,如公共場合的告示No Admission,還可以是一篇散文、一部小說、一首詩、一份商務合同等。無論種類多么繁多,語篇的構成規則都相同的,即銜接與連貫。銜接是語篇的內在特征,是由一定的語言形式,即語法和詞匯來體現的。語篇的連貫不僅表現在句子之間的邏輯語義關系上,還要依賴于讀者對句間關系和句子功能的理解。理解語篇不能只靠銜接手段,還要利用背景知識,或者叫世界知識。
  從傳統的角度看,語言最重要的、最基本的東西是語法。從功能的角度看,首先是語篇,其次才是語法,因為絕大部分句子的意義都受到它們所處語境的制約。脫離語境,無所謂“語言事實”、“正確性”或“得體性”。有效的交際是功能理解與形式得體的結合。應該結合語言的和非語言的語境教語法,把形式與功能統一起來。那么,寫作作為一種書面交際形式,基本上就是憑借語法和語篇的特征,把分散的、互相聯系的觀點變成一個統一的觀點。如何才能在語篇的基礎上結合語法進行寫作呢?筆者結合自己多年的教學經驗,總結出五種方法。
  
  一、注重開頭段落的功能
  
  開頭段落是非常重要的,它通常具有引起讀者興趣,給出上下文或概括指導的功能。作者可以通過以下十種方式完成開頭段落的功能。
  (1)定義出現在標題里的重要詞語。
  (2)陳述要討論主題的哪些方面。
  (3)介紹關于主題的重要背景信息。
  (4)提及這個領域所完成的工作。
  (5)陳述作者的觀點或興趣。
  (6)舉出一個將要詳細介紹的例子。
  (7)陳述作者想要使用的策略。
  (8)比較對手的立場或觀點。
  (9)陳述與主題有關的問題或困難。
  (10)引用、提問或講軼事吸引讀者的注意力。
  
  二、注重從功能角度發展段落
  
  每個段落都有主題句,怎樣才能圍繞主題句發展段落?例如有這樣一個主題句:All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.我們可以按照對比、舉例、論述、定義和證明五種功能,參照以下五種方式圍繞主題句發展段落。
  1.介紹與主題句相反的觀點
  All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
  Animal communication,on the other hand,is constrained in many ways.
  2.舉例說明主題句
  All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
  Each language has its own unique set of grammatical and discourse features.
  3.詳細論述主題句
  All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
  Despite this,there are also universal features across languages.
  4.給主題句下定義
  All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
  By communication,of course,we mean the ability to press grammatical,lexical,and phonological resourse into service in contexts of use.
  5.證明主題句的觀點是正確的
  All languages have the same purpose――to communicate thoughts――and yet they achieve this single aim in a multiplicity of ways.
  Time is expressed in different languages in many different ways.
  
  三、注重銜接
  
  根據Halliday的觀點,語篇的銜接有照應、替代和省略、連接詞、詞匯四種方式。所以在寫作的時候,也可以利用這四種銜接方式,把要表達的觀點銜接起來。
  1.照應
  (1)利用人稱照應連接句子
  Roni Size peers down from the top floor of a midtown Manhattan hotel at a skyscraper across the street .“You could fit the whole of Bristol in that,”he exclaims.
  (2)利用指示照應連接句子
  Roni Size peers down from the top floor of a midtown Manhattan hotel at a skyscraper across the street.“You could fit the whole of Bristol in that,”he exclaims.
  (3)利用比較照應連接句子
  A:Would you like these seats?
  B:No,as a matter of fact,I’d like the other seats.
  2.替代和省略
  (1)名詞性替代和省略
  I’ll get you some more bread rolls.These ones are stale.(ones=bread rolls)
  My kids play an awful lot of sport.Both(0)are incredibly energetic.(0 represents the omitted part)

  (2)動詞性替代和省略
  A:I think you work too hard.
  B:So do you !(do=work too hard)
  A:Have you been working?
  B:Yes,I have(0).
  (3)詞組性替代和省略
  A:Are we going to land soon?
  B:I think so.(so=we’re going to land soon)
  A:Why’d you only set three places?Paul’s staying for dinner,isn’t he?
  B:Is he?He didn’t tell me(0).
  3.連接詞
  連接詞與照應、替代和省略不同,因為它不是提醒讀者之前提到的事項。它表示的是一種關系,這種關系只有通過參照其他部分才能被充分理解。有四種連接詞,分別表示時間、因果、遞進和對比。
  (1)對比
  I’m afraid I’ll be home late tonight.However,I won’t have to go in until late tomorrow.
  (2)遞進
  From a marketing viewpoint,the popular tabloid encourages the reader to read the whole page instead of choosing stories.And isn’t that what any publisher wants?
  (3)時間
  Brick tea is a blend that has been compressed into a cake.It is taken mainly by the minority groups in China.First,it is ground to a dust.Then it is usually cooked in milk.
  (4)因果
  Chinese tea is becoming increasingly popular in restaurants,and even in coffee shops.This is because of the growing belief that it has several health giving properties.
  4.詞匯銜接
  所謂詞匯銜接就是指文本中的兩個詞在詞義上相關。
  (1)重復
  What we lack in a newpaper is what we should get.In a word,a“popular”newpaper may be the winning ticket.
  (2)同義詞
  You could try reversing the car up the slope.The incline isn’t all that steep.
  (3)上義詞
  A:Did you try the steamed buns?
  B:Yes,I didn’t like the things much.
  (4)下義詞
  Pneumonia has arrived with the cold and wet conditions.The illness is striking everyone from infants to the elderly.
  
  四、注重連貫
  
  句子與句子之間怎樣才能圍繞一定的主題連貫地展開呢?這可能是每位寫作者的困難。不妨參照以下三種方式。
  1.平行展開
  The ability to carry electricity varies according to the extent to which substances contain electrons that are free to move.It is not something possessed by all substances.
  A:The ability to carry electricity
  B:It
  這兩句話的主題在語義上是相同的,因為第二句話的it代替第一句話的“the ability to carry electricity”,它們之間的關系是平行展開。
  2.順序展開
  The ability to carry electricity varies according to the extent to which substances contain electrons that are free to move.It is not something possessed by all substances.
  A:The ability to carry electricity
  B:Some substances
  這兩句話的主題是不同的,第一句話的主題是“the ability to carry electricity”,第二句話的主題是“some substances”,它們之間的關系是順序展開。
  3.平行擴展展開
  The ability to carry electricity varies according to the extent to which substances contain electrons that are free to move.It is not something possessed by all substances.
  A:The ability to carry electricity
  B:Some substanc


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